![]() Prominent of the Comanche leaders of this era was Quanah Parker. The Comanches were defeated and forced to return to their reservations. Most of this campaign occurred in the Texas Panhandle. Miles and Ranald Mackenzie struck the Comanches a severe blow in what has been dubbed the Red River War. In 1874 - 75, military forces under Colonels Nelson A. Comanches established the Great Comanche Trail, which plunged southward past Fort Stockton, into present-day Big Bend national park, and across the Rio Grande into Mexico. Other Comanches, continued the time-honored tradition of raiding in Texas and deep into the recesses of Mexico. In 1854, some Comanches were compelled to reside on a federal reserve established on the Brazos River, where they were later removed to tracts in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and in the Texas panhandle. In 1848 - 49, the Comanches were decimated by outbreaks of smallpox and cholera, which killed about half of the tribe. The Comanche were formidable enough to block European expansion into their homeland for over 150 years, a feat no other Native American tribe achieved. Nomadic buffalo hunters, the Comanches dominated the country well into the 1870s, subordinating numerous adjacent tribes in the process. By the mid-nineteenth century, the Comanches had become a large tribe of twelve or more confederated bands, expert horsemen, and prominent adversaries to the United States citizens in Texas. ![]() The Comanches were a southern plains tribe, renowned for their raiding throughout West Texas and northern Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mexico. St.Photo: Oklahoma Historical Society Museum.1876-1878 Pacific Coast Business Directory.1859 List of Munsee from Leavenworth County Kansas.Historical California Newspapers Online.It is sonorous and flowing, its chief characteristic being a rolling r. ![]() Their language is the trade language of the region and is more or less understood by all the neighboring tribes. In person they are well built and rather corpulent. They have a high sense of honor and hold themselves superior to the other tribes with which they are associated. They were long noted as the finest horsemen of the plains and bore a reputation for dash and courage. The Comanche were nomad buffalo hunters, constantly on the move, cultivating little from the ground, and living in skin tipis. They numbered 1,400 in 1904, attached to the Kiowa agency, Okla. Within the last 50 years they have been terribly wasted by war and disease. They were probably never a large tribe, although supposed to be populous on account of their wide range. ![]() In 1835 they made their first treaty with the Government, and by the treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 agreed to go on their assigned reservation between Washita and Red rivers, south west Oklahoma but it was not until after the last outbreak of the southern prairie tribes in 1874-75 that they and their allies, the Kiowa and Apache, finally settled on it. They have been close confederates of the Kiowa since about 1795. They were friendly to the Americans generally, but became bitter enemies of the Texans, by whom they were dispossessed of their best hunting grounds, and carried on a relentless war against them for nearly 40 years. For nearly 2 centuries they were at war with the Spaniards of Mexico and extended their raids far down into Durango. At that time they roamed over the country about the heads of tile Arkansas, Red, Trinity, and Brazos rivers, in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. As late as 1805 the North Platte was still known as Padouca fork. It must he remembered that from 500 to 800 miles was an ordinary range for a prairie tribe and that the Comanche were equally at home on the Platte and in the Bolson de Mapimi of Chihuahua. In 1719 the Comanche are mentioned under their Siouan name of Padouca as living in what now is west Kansas. The Kiowa say that when they themselves moved southward from the Black hills region, the Arkansas was the north boundary of the Comanche. ![]() In this southerly migration the Penateka seem to have preceded the rest of the tribe. Within the traditionary period the two tribes lived adjacent to each other in south Wyoming, since which time the Shoshoni have been beaten back into the mountains by the Sioux and other prairie tribes, while the Comanche have been driven steadily southward by the same pressure. Their language and traditions show that they are a comparatively recent offshoot from the Shoshoni of Wyoming, both tribes speaking practically the same dialect and, until very recently, keeping up constant and friendly communication. One of the southern tribes of the Shoshonean stock, and the only one of that group living entirely on the plains. ![]()
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